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Patel, R. C.
- Microbubbles - A Promising Ultrasound Tool for Novel Drug Delivery System: A Review
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, S. J. Thakkar Pharmacy College, Rajkot, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Matushree V.B. Manvar College of Pharmacy, Dumiyani, IN
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, S. J. Thakkar Pharmacy College, Rajkot, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Matushree V.B. Manvar College of Pharmacy, Dumiyani, IN
Source
Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 3, No 2 (2013), Pagination: 56-65Abstract
Microbubbles are emerging as important contrast agents for imaging and carriers for targeted drug delivery. Microbubbles designate air or gas filled microspheres suspended in a liquid carrier phase which generally results from the introduction of air or gas. The liquid phase contains surfactants to control the surface properties as well as stability of the bubble. The microbubbles have an average size less than that of red blood cells, so they are capable of penetrating even into the small blood capillaries and releasing drug and genes under the action of ultrasound field after reaching the specific area of interest. Microbubbles in general have a wide variety of applications. However in the biomedical field these are primarily used as diagnostic agents in combination with ultrasound for molecular imaging of various organs and even tumors. These are also proposed for drug and gene delivery to targeted regions in combination with various ligands. Herein, article includes composition, properties, method of preparation, mechanism and application of microbubbles and review recent results on their performance under various imaging and drug delivery scenarios.Keywords
Microbubbles, Contrast Agents, Diagnostic Agents, Ultrasound, Targeted Drug Delivery.
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- Paddy Cultivation Technology for Utilization Comportment of Farmers
Abstract Views :279 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Extension Education, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, ANAND (GUJARAT), IN
2 Dairy Vigyan Kendra, M.C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, ANAND (GUJARAT), IN
3 Department of Extension Education, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, ANAND (GUJARAT), IN
1 Department of Extension Education, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, ANAND (GUJARAT), IN
2 Dairy Vigyan Kendra, M.C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, ANAND (GUJARAT), IN
3 Department of Extension Education, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, ANAND (GUJARAT), IN
Source
Agriculture Update, Vol 10, No 1 (2015), Pagination: 23-26Abstract
Using functional technology, majority of the farmers had average to above average technology utilization behaviour in paddy farming. All the variables except experience in paddy farming, extension participation and risk orientation, all other independent variables showed significant influence in determination of technology utilization behaviour. Annual income and scientific orientation had shown maximum influence on technology utilization behaviour. Annual income contributed 49.40 per cent total variation in predicting technology utilization behaviour and total joint contribution of all independent variable together contributed 62.40 per cent variation in determining technology utilization behaviour. As far as direct, indirect and substantial effects are concerned age was key variables in exerting positive and direct effect on technology utilization behaviour in paddy growers. Whereas, annual income had positive and highest indirect effect and economic motivation, animal possession and annual income were the key variables in determination of substantial indirect effect on technology utilization behaviour of paddy growers.Keywords
Behaviour, Paddy Growers, Technology Utilization.- Deformation Mechanisms in the Chiplakot Crystalline Belt (CCB) along Kali-Gori Valleys (Kumaon), NW-Himalaya
Abstract Views :189 |
PDF Views:2
Authors
Yogesh Kumar
1,
R. C. Patel
1
Affiliations
1 Department of Earth Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra - 136 119, IN
1 Department of Earth Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra - 136 119, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 64, No 1 (2004), Pagination: 76-91Abstract
The Chiplakot Crystalline Belt (CCB) in Kumaon, NW-Himalaya is made up of biotite schist biotite augen gneiss and psammite. These rocks are mylonitised and deformed in a NC-dipping broad ductile shear zone (across the whole CCB) of the overthrust-type formed due to intracontinental crustal shortening during Cenozoic within the Indian Plate.
Two distinguishable structural regimes characterize the CCB viz, the pre-Himalayan deformation and Himalayan deformation. Pre Himalayan deformation is associated with at least one distinct episode of deformation (D1) while Himalayan deformation is characterized by three distinct episodes of deformation (D2, D3 and D1). Out of these three deformations, D2 is the most prominent deformation and wide spread throughout the CCB. It is distinguished by a prominent S2 foliation axial planar to the rec1ined F2 folds and NE-plunging L2 stretching/Mineral lineation. The early tight to isoclinal F1 folds on lithological layering have been stretched and rotated towards NC-plunging F2 folds during the SW-directed D2 ductile shear deformation S-C fabric, asymmetric augen, and sheared lenses etc are ubiquitously developed during D2 throughout the CCB. During progressive translation towards shallower structural level and southward migration of the thrust sheets, the rocks in the shear zone underwent D3 and at last, D1 deformation in compressional regime. D3 episode is characterized by N-NW plunging F3 folds and D4 by kink bands, etc.
In contrast to main crustal shortening fabrics, fabrics related to extensional tectonics within the CCB have also been identified, which was even initiated during late D2 and continued post dating D3. Different shear indicators such as extensional crenulation cleavage (ecc) foliation boudinage, extensional shear bands, brittle normal faults and quartz veins with fringe folds are developed throughout the CCB.
Microstructural studies of the constituent minerals of the shear zone demonstrate the deformation mechanisms and degree of shear strain vary from the basal and upper thrusts towards the central part of the CCB. Mylonitic locks in the middle of the CCB contain less than 10% of relic fragments and the deformation mechanism is characterized by dynamic recrystallization of feldspar and quartz, indicating deformation at amphibolite grade. Preferred orientation of long axes of quartz grains indicates relatively high shear strain in this zone. Towards the basal and upper parts at the mylonite zone, the percentage of relic fragments becomes more than 10%. In these zones, feldspars are fractured quartz is dynamically recrystallised though to lesser degree than in the middle of the zone and long axes of most of quartz grains are sub-parallel to C-plane. These evidences, combined with occurrence of secondary chlorite, biotite in these rocks suggests that mylonitization occurred at greenschist grade and deformation in medium shear strain in comparison to middle zone. At the base and upper parts of the mylonite zone feldspar are fractured and altered to Sericite and quartz shows limited plastic deformation in the form of undulose extinction and subgrain formation. Quartz grains have no preferred orientation indicating low shear strain in this zone.
Keywords
Structural Geology, Extensional Tectonics, Microstructural Studies, Deformation Mechanism, Chiplakot Crystalline Belt (CCB), Kumaon, NW-Himalaya.- Geology, Structural and Exhumation History of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines in Kumaon Himalaya, India
Abstract Views :172 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geophysics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra - 136 119, IN
2 RITES, New Delhi, IN
1 Department of Geophysics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra - 136 119, IN
2 RITES, New Delhi, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 77, No 1 (2011), Pagination: 47-72Abstract
The crystallines in the Kumaon Himalaya, India are studied along Goriganga, Darma and Kaliganga valleys and found to be composed of two high-grade metamorphic gneiss sheets i.e. the Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) and Lesser Himalayan Crystalline (LHC) zones. These were tectonically extruded as a consequence of the southward directed propagation of crustal deformation in the Indian plate margin. The HHC and its cover rocks i.e. the Tethyan Sedimentary Zone (TSZ) are exposed through tectonic zones within the hinterland of Kumaon Himalaya. The HHC records history of at least one episode of pre-Himalayan deformation (D1), three episodes of Himalayan deformation (D2, D3, D4). The rocks of the HHC in Kumaon Himalaya are thoroughly transposed by D2 deformation into NW-SE trending Sm (S1+S2). The extent of transposition and a well-developed NE-plunging L2 lineation indicate intense strain during D2 throughout the studied portion of the HHC. Ductile flow continued, resulting in rotation of F1 and F2 folds due NE-direction and NW-SE plunging F3 folds within the HHC. The over thickened crystalline was finally, superimposed by late-to-post collisional brittle-ductile deformation (D4) and exposed the rocks to rapid erosion.Apatite Fission Track (AFT) and Zircon Fission Track (ZFT) studies from the Kumaon Himalaya suggest reactivation of the Main Central/Munsiari Thrust (MCT/MT) and Vaikrita Thrust (VT), rapid exhumation and a system that has been in topographic and exhumation steady-state since at least 4 Ma.
Keywords
Higher Himalayan Crystallines, Deformation, Exhumation, Kumaon Himalaya.- Extent of Adoption of Recommended Paddy Production Technology
Abstract Views :203 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Extension Education, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
2 Dairy Vigyan Kendra, M.C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
1 Department of Extension Education, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
2 Dairy Vigyan Kendra, M.C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
Source
Agriculture Update, Vol 10, No 3 (2015), Pagination: 249-251Abstract
The "adoption process" is the mental process through which an individual passes from first hearing of an innovation to its final adoption, while adoption is a decision to continue the full use of an innovation. Generally, the farmers do not adopt package of practices fully. There is only a partial adoption by them. As a result, the gap always appears between the recommended production technology and their use at farmer's field. Considering the facts, an attempt was made to find out the extent of adoption of recommended paddy production technology by the farmers. To collect the information pertaining to the study 120 respondents were selected by proportionately from 10 randomly selected villages of Khambhat and Tarapur taluka of Anand district.Keywords
Extent of Adoption, Paddy Production Technology.- Constraints Experienced and Suggestions Offered by Farmers in Adoption of Recommended Paddy Production Technology
Abstract Views :183 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Extension Education, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
2 Dairy Vigyan Kendra, M.C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
1 Department of Extension Education, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
2 Dairy Vigyan Kendra, M.C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
Source
Agriculture Update, Vol 10, No 3 (2015), Pagination: 255-258Abstract
Present study was conducted in Anand district of Gujarat state to identify the constraints by the farmers in adoption of paddy production technology. Results indicates that, lack of knowledge in the practices namely recommended dose of fertilizers, control measures of pests and diseases, identification of pests and diseases, recommendation of chemical weed control measures in paddy, high cost of fertilizers and pesticides, high labour charges at the time of transplanting and harvesting, labour shortage at the time of transplanting and harvesting and short supply of fertilizers at required time, low market price of paddy and poor contacts of extension workers with farmers were major constraints faced by paddy grower. Remunerative market prices of paddy, facility of crop insurance scheme in case of failure of season, minimum support price of paddy should be declared well in advance were important suggestion to overcome/minimize the constraints in adoption of new technology in paddy cultivation.Keywords
Constraints, Paddy Production Technology, Suggestions.- Factors affecting Technological Gap of Cotton Growers In Recommended Cotton Production Technology
Abstract Views :173 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Extension Education, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
1 Department of Extension Education, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
Source
Agriculture Update, Vol 6, No 3-4 (2011), Pagination: 167-169Abstract
The study was conducted in the Vadodara district of Gujarat which is well known district for the cotton cultivation in the state. The study has focused on factors affecting technological gap of cotton growers in adoption of cotton production technology. A sample of 120 farmers of 12 villages was included by random sampling and their responses were analyzed with relevant tools. Findings of the study revealed that independent variables viz., education, annual income, scientific orientation, risk preference, economic motivation and knowledge had negative and significant correlation with overall technological gap of cotton growers.Keywords
Technological Gap, Adoption, Cotton Growers, Production Technology.- Technological Gap in Adoption of Cotton Production Technology
Abstract Views :187 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Extension Education, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
2 Department of Extension Education, B.A.College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
1 Department of Extension Education, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
2 Department of Extension Education, B.A.College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
Source
Agriculture Update, Vol 6, No 3-4 (2011), Pagination: 188-190Abstract
The study was conducted in the Vadodara district of Gujarat, a well-known district for the cotton cultivation in state. The study has focused on technological gap in adoption of cotton production technology. A sample of 120 farmers of 12 villages was selected by random sampling and their responses were analyzed with relevant tools. Study revealed that majority (61.66 per cent) of respondent cotton growers had medium technological gap in cotton cultivat ion, followed by low (17.51 per cent) and high (20.83 per cent) technological gap in cotton cultivation.Keywords
Technological Gap, Adoption, Cotton Production Technology.- Knowledge Level of Hybrid Castor Growers Regarding its Production Technology
Abstract Views :185 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Directorate of Extension Education, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar (M.S.), IN
2 Department of Extension Education, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
1 Directorate of Extension Education, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar (M.S.), IN
2 Department of Extension Education, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat), IN
Source
Agriculture Update, Vol 6, No 2 (2011), Pagination: 14-16Abstract
The present investigation was conducted in Kheda district of Gujarat state where it has maximum area under hybrid castor cultivation than the other districts. For this study, 10 villages were selected out of which 120 farmers were selected by proportionate random sampling technique. The findings of this study revealed that majority (79.17 per cent) of the castor growers had medium to high level of knowledge regarding recommended hybrid castor production technology. Cent per cent of the hybrid castor growers had good knowledge regarding castor cultivation practices viz., land preparation, interculturing, manual weeding and timely harvesting.Keywords
Knowledge, Practice Wise Knowledge, Hybrid Castor, Castor Growers.- Synthesis and SAR Study of Some New Benzhydryl Piperazine Sulfonamide and Carboxamide as Antimicrobial Agents
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Near Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Near Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN